Evaluating Hydrogen and Ammonia as Sustainable Alternatives for Marine Diesel Engines: Environmental, Technical, and Economic Perspectives

Abstract

The maritime industry is a notable contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, necessitating a transition to low-carbon alternatives to mitigate environmental impact. This study explores hydrogen and ammonia as potential alternative fuels for marine diesel engines, focusing on their environmental benefits, technical feasibility, and economic considerations. Hydrogen, with its high energy density and zero carbon emissions at the point of use, offers a promising solution for sustainable maritime operations. Ammonia, characterized by its high hydrogen content and renewable production capabilities, presents a viable alternative despite its associated challenges. The review assesses the current state of research and development, examining the comparative emissions profiles, storage and handling requirements, and combustion characteristics of these fuels. Technical barriers, such as advanced storage solutions for hydrogen and safety measures for ammonia, are discussed alongside economic obstacles, including high initial investment costs and fuel price disparities. Regulatory frameworks and policy support are highlighted as critical factors for successful adoption. Case studies of hydrogen and ammonia applications in maritime contexts underscore the practical feasibility and collaborative efforts necessary for broader implementation. The paper concludes by identifying future research directions to enhance the viability of hydrogen and ammonia as sustainable marine fuels, contributing to the maritime sector's transition towards reduced environmental impact and alignment with global climate goals.